Chief Seattle, Chief of the Duwamish upon surrendering his land to Governor Issac Stevens in 1854...

"The Great Chief Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land.  The Great Chief also sends us words of friendship and goodwill.  This is kind of him, since we know he has little need of our friendship in return.  But we will consider your offer.

For we know that if we do not sell, the White Man may come with guns and take our land.  The idea is strange to us.  If we do not own the freshness of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them?  Every part of this earth is sacred to my people.  Every shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every clearing and humming insect is holy in the memory and experience of my people.  The sap which courses through the trees carries the memories of the Red Man.

So, when the Great White Chief in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land, he asks much of us.  The Great White Chief sends word he will reserve us a place so that we can live comfortably by ourselves.  He will be our Father and we will be his children.  So we will consider your offer to buy our land.  But it will not be easy, for this land is sacred to us.

This shining water that lives in the streams and rivers is not just water, but the blood of our ancestors.  If we sell you our land, you must remember that it is sacred, and you must teach your children that it is sacred and that each ghostly reflection in the clear water of the lakes tells of events and memories in the life of my people.  The water's murmur is the voice of my father's father.  The rivers are our brothers, they quench our thirst. The rivers carry our canoes and feed our children.

If we sell you our land, you must remember and teach your children that the rivers are our brothers, and yours, and henceforth, give the rivers the kindness you would give a brother.

The White man's dead forget the country of their birth when they go to walk among the stars.  Our dead never forget this beautiful earth, for it is the mother of the Red Man.

We are part of the earth, and it is part of us.  The perfumed flowers are our sisters, the deer, the horse, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices of the meadows, the body heat of the pony and man, all belong to the same family.

Their graves are holy ground, and so are these hills, these trees, this portion of the earth is consecrated to us.  We know that the white man does not understand our ways.  One portion of land is the same to him as the next, for he is a stranger who comes in the night and takes from the land what he needs.  The earth is not his brother, but his enemy, and when he has conquered it, he moves on.  He leaves his father's graves behind and he does not care.  He kidnaps the earth from his children.  He does not care.

His father's graves and his children's birthright are forgotten.  He treats his mother, the earth, and his brother, the sky, as things to be bought, plundered, sold like sheep or bright beads.  His appetite will devour the earth and leave behind only a desert.

I do not know.  Our ways are different from your ways.  The sight of your cities pains the eyes of the Red Man.  But perhaps it is because the red man is a savage, and does not understand.  There is no quiet place in the White Man's cities.  No place to hear the unfurling of leaves in the spring or the rustle of an insect's wings.  But it is because I am a savage, and do not understand.  The clatter only seems to insult the ears.

And what is there to life if a man cannot hear the lonely cry of the whippoorwill, or the arguments of the frogs around the pond at night?  I am a Red Man, and I do not understand.

The Indian prefers the soft sound of the wind darting over the face of the pond and the smell of the wind itself, cleansed by the mid-day rain, or scented with the pinion pine.  The air is precious to the Red Man. for all things share the same breath - the beast, the tree, the man, they all share the same breath.

The White Man does seem to notice the air he breathes.  Like a dying man for many days, he is numb to the stench.  But if we sell you our land, you must remember the air is precious to us, that the air shares it's spirit with all the life it supports.  The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath, also receives his last sigh, and the wind must always give our children the spirit of life.

And if we sell you our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where even the White Man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadows flowers.  So we will consider you offer to buy out land, if we decide to accept, I will make one condition - the White Man must treat the beasts of this land as his brothers.  I am a savage, and I do not understand any other way.  I have seen a thousand rotting buffaloes on the Prairie, left by the White Man who shot them from a passing train.

I am a savage and do not understand how the smoking iron horse can be more important than the buffalo that we kill only to stay alive.  What is the White Man without beasts?  If all the beasts were gone, men would die from a great loneliness of spirit.  For whatever happens to the beasts, soon happens to man.  All things are connected.

You must teach your children that the ground beneath their feet is the ashes of our grandfathers.  So that they will respect the land, tell your children that the earth is rich in the lives of our kin.

Teach your children what we have taught our children, that the earth is our mother.  whatever befalls the earth, befalls the sons of the earth.  If men spit upon the ground, they spit upon themselves.  This we know, the earth does not belong to man, man belongs to earth.  This we know, all things are connected, like the blood which unites one family.  All things are connected.  Whatever befalls the earth, befalls the sons of the earth.  Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it.  Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself.

But we will consider you offer to go to the reservations you have for my people.  We will live apart and in peace.  It matters little where we spend the rest of our days.  Our children have seen their fathers humbled in defeat.  Our warriors have felt shame and after defeat, they turn their days in idleness and contaminate their bodies with sweet food and strong drink. It matters little where we spend the rest of our days.  There are not many.

A few more hours, a few more winters and none of the children of the great tribes that once lived on this earth or that roam now in small bands in the woods, will be left to mourn the graves of a people once as powerful and hopeful as yours.

But why should I mourn the passing of my people?  Tribes are made of men, nothing more.  Men come and go like the waves of the sea.  Even the White Man, whose God walks and talks with him as friend to friend, cannot be exempt from common destiny.  We may be brothers after all; we shall see. One thing we know, which White Man will one day discover - our God is the same God.  You may think you own him, as you wish to own our land, but you cannot.  He is the God of man, and his compassion is equal to the Red Man and the White.  The earth is precious to him, and to harm the earth is to heap contempt on it's creator.  The Whites too shall pass; perhaps sooner than all other tribes.  Continue to contaminate your bed, and one night you will suffocate in your own waste.

But in your perishing, you too will shine brightly, fired by the strength of the God who brought you to this land, and for some special purpose, gave you domination over this land and over the Red Man.  That destiny is a mystery to us, for we do not understand when the buffalo are all slaughtered, the wild horses tamed, the secret corners of the forests heavy with the scent of many men, and the view of the ripe hills blotted by talking wires.  Where is the thicket?  Gone.  And what is it to say goodbye to the swift pony and the hunt?  The end of living and the beginning of survival.

So we will consider your offer to buy our land.  If we agree, it will be to secure the reservation you have promised.  There, perhaps we may live out our brief days as we wish.  When the last Red Man has vanished from this earth, and his memory is only the shadow of a cloud moving across the prairie, those shores and forests will still hold the spirits of my people, for they love this earth as the newborn loves its mothers heartbeat.

So if we sell you our land, love it as we have loved it, care for it as we have cared for it, hold in your mind the memory of the land as it is when you take it.  And with all your strength, with all your mind, with all your heart, preserve it for your children and love it....as God loves us all.

One thing we know.  Our God is the same God.  The earth is precious to him. Even the White Man cannot be exempt from the common destiny.  We may be brothers after all."

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